Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor STRUCTURE of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

due to providing social security needs, COMMUNITY policing approach has been applied by IRI Police in recent years. To settle this approach the present research aims at determining obligations and necessary characteristics in organizational STRUCTURE and leadership style within Mckinsey 7S model. The present research was applied type but taking into consideration nature and method was descriptive – survey type. For COMMUNITY policing settlement, it was tried by analyzing related documents and resources to suggest some principal amendments needed in current organizational STRUCTURE and leadership style of IRI police. Result of these analyses indicated that without applying some amendments in current IRI Police organizational STRUCTURE and leadership style in a way both become more effective and appropriate with obligations, the COMMUNITY policing approach settlement will not be successful. Based on Mitzberg structural framework, current IRI Police organizational STRUCTURE is sectional STRUCTURE and for settling COMMUNITY policing approach, this STRUCTURE needs to reform in areas such as cooperation, coordination, more delegation through field officers, more training and flexibility. Also high and middle rank managers should select their leadership styles by focus on cooperation, reliability and authority conferring.

Many real-world networks, including biological networks, internet, information and social networks can be modeled by a complex network consisting of a large number of elements connected to each other. One of the important issues in complex networks is the evaluation of node importance because of its wide usage and great theoretical significance, such as in information diffusion, control of disease spreading, viral marketing and rumor dynamics. A fundamental issue is to identify a set of most influential individuals who would maximize the influence spread of the network. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for identifying influential nodes in complex networks with COMMUNITY STRUCTURE without having to determine the number of seed nodes based on genetic algorithm. The proposed algorithm can identify influential nodes with three methods at each stage (degree centrality, random and structural hole) in each COMMUNITY and measure the spread of influence again at each stage. This process continues until the end of the genetic algorithm, and at the last stage, the most influential nodes are identified with maximum diffusion in each COMMUNITY. Our COMMUNITY-based influencers detection approach enables us to find more influential nodes than those suggested by page-rank and other centrality measures. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm does not require determining the number of k initial active nodes.

The ecological balance of microbial COMMUNITY (MC) is very important as an index of soil ecosystem health due to the pivotal and vital roles of MC. Microbial culture methods are suitable for this purpose because the majority of soil microorganisms unable to grow on synthetic media. DNA- based molecular analyses just provide microbial diversity data. Then a rapid method for the assessment of soil microbial COMMUNITY STRUCTURE is using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) patterns (because they are degraded rapidly after cells death, by the action of phosphatases). Moreover, PLFA provide broad information dealing with microbial diversity, biomass and their nutritional-physiological status. Certain and specific PLFAs, viz.trans/cis ratio (monounsaturated fatty acids (16: 1w7t) to 16: 1w7c), cy/pre ratio(cyclopropyl (cy17: 0+cy19: 0) fatty acids to precursor (16: 1w7+18: 1w7) fatty acids, S/M ratio (saturated to monosaturated fatty acids), G-/G+ratio (Gram negative bacteria to Gram positive bacteria fatty acids), F/B ratio (saprophytic fungi to bacterial fatty acids) were able as indicators of physiological or nutritional status in different environmental conditions, such as heavy metals polluted soils, changes in pH, depth changes drought, salinity, different agricultural managements and flooding are used for evaluation of soil microbial communities. The method of PLFA analysis in soil and determining microbial diversity, biomass and their physiological status are addressed here.

ABSTRACTDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. The purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial STRUCTURE of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling and Micmac software was used to analyze the data. Output of Micmac software shows the position of the instability of the system. Therefore, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, and autonomous factors. The research findings indicate 4 variables (like as “income, cost and investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourismExtended AbstractIntroductionDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. The global increase in oil demand since the 1950s led to the creation of discovery of new oil wells and large industrial areas. With the construction of new oil or gas facilities in the port areas, increasing oil revenues contributed to the countries of the Persian Gulf region and form a new geographical relationship between ports and coastal cities which had an impact on the spatial STRUCTURE and relation of them. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. In the 1950s, Containerization (container loading technology) was based in some of the world's ports and created a huge transformation in the shipping industry, which had a significant impact on the development of ports. Although the ports of the Persian Gulf have made a significant contribution to the economic growth and physical development of other ports in the world, but few researches have been done on the variables and factors affecting the development of the spatial STRUCTURE of the important ports of the Persian Gulf. This region, due to its unique geographical location, has always been considered as a most important corridor in the field of economic and transportation throughout history. Some of the most important energy and commercial ports in this region are: Dubai, Manama, Kuwait, Dammam, Doha, Bushehr, Bandar-Abbas and Assaluyeh. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial STRUCTURE of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. MethodologyThis research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). The method used in this research is quantitative and the sampling method is based on purposive sampling. the variables affecting the spatial STRUCTURE of port-city relations were identified in the form of a review of 31 prominent articles. 25 experts (who had comprehensive knowledge and information about the development process of the city-port of Dubai) participated to determine the effectiveness or influence of variables. Finally, the output of data analysis was done by the Micmac software. Results and discussionOutput of Micmac software shows the position of the variables in the diagram that it indicates their status in the system and their role in the dynamics and changes of the system. The method of distribution and dispersion of the variables in the spatial STRUCTURE of port-city relations indicates the instability of the system. Therefore, based on the output of the system, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be identified in five categories (driver, linkage, dependent, autonomous and regulatory variables). According to the results, some variables such as “the changes in the strategic positions” and “geopolitics of port-city”, “the modification of the management method” and “regional planning of the ports”, “the promotion of local governance in the relations between port-city” and “the way of national and international management of ports have been introduced as driver variables. On the other hand, five variables consist of “advanced multimodal transportation in the port” and “income, cost and investment in the port-city”, “the contrast and physical integration of the port - city space”, “the development of various industrial and production activities in the ports and their local hinterland” and “their qualities Financial and commercial policies of ports” have been introduced as linkage variables. Findings of research also shows that some variables consist of “quality of living environment and desirable city”, “quantity and quality of transit corridors (rail, road and air) to hinterland”, “construction and launching the new port (sea port or dry port)”, “terminal facilities and infraSTRUCTURE and warehousing”, “conflict or convergence between the city and the port” and “increase in population growth rate and migration to the port - city” categorized as dependent variables. Three variables including “cultural and historical background of ports”, “use of cheaper energy, Less-polluted, clean and renewable energies in the city-port” and “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port” categorized as autonomous variables. Finally, a variable with the title of “improvement in management and information technology and development in loading, unloading and storage of commodities” have been introduced as regulatory variables. The findings of this research have a remarkable similarity with other researches carried out in the field of city-port relation and clearly emphasize the direct impact of the "investment in port-city" in the development of them. For example, Grossmann (2008) emphasized that city-port of Hamburg has become one of the largest ports in Northern Europe during the last few decades due to huge domestic and foreign investment. ConclusionThis research carried out in order to introduce and explain the key variables affecting the development of the spatial STRUCTURE of the port-city of Dubai. On this basis, 21 variables have been extracted by systematic reviews of prominent articles. In the following, 25 experts were selected with the purposive sampling method. Among the 21 variables extracted, 4 variables (like as “geopolitics of port-city”) introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourism. A part of these revenues has been directed towards investment in important transportation infraSTRUCTUREs such as airports and ports of this city. These strategies have a wide impact on improving the economic growth of the city and the development of the port in order to adapt with the global trade and advanced technologies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Potato is one of the most important crops produced in Kurdistan province, western Iran. Although several species of plant-parasitic nematodes have been reported in association with these potato fields, no comprehensive nematode COMMUNITY STRUCTURE has been investigated. The present study reports the frequency, abundance and prominence value of all nematode groups from 40 potato fields across Ghurveh and Dehgolan regions. Bacterivorous nematodes showed the highest frequency, abundance and predominance in the region, followed by herbivorous (plant-parasitic nematodes), fungivorous and omnivorous nematodes. Predatory nematodes (carnivores) were not recovered probably because field soils were highly disturbed. Root-lesion nematodes were the most predominant among the identified plant-parasitic nematodes. The calculation of the indices of ecosystem function, as well as the plotting colonizer-persister (c-p) triangle, food web faunal analysis and metabolic footprint of the potato fields revealed that most of the studied fields had high proportions of c-p1 and c-p2 nematodes, but nematode individuals of c-p3-5 counted fewer in the population. According to the present study, 50% of the sampled fields represent either stressed and enriched, 30% could be considered as stable and enriched, and 20% may be described as stressed and depleted in terms of their soil nematode food webs. The current study provides the first known study in Iran on nematode assemblages and their implication in soil health.